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Origin of gandhara school of art - origin of gandhara school of art:Origin of gandhara school of art - origin of gandhara school of art:
The Gandhara artist had the hand of a Greek, but the heart of an Indian. There are large Gandhara stupas and monasteries that have survived as ruins at Guldara in Afganishtan. Later a votive stupa from loriyaan Tangai in Gandhara has been found. If this is treated as the model of stupa in Gandhara, the stupa has undergone great changes form great stupa at Sanchi with its dome structure.
In Gandhara the dome grew taller while the square railing at its summit was enlarged and elaborated. The greatest of all gandhara stupas is the one erected by Kanishka outside the gates of modern Peshawar. Here also the stupa had not survived but a reliquary receptacle for relics of Kanishka have been found. One more such beliquary has been found at Bimaran in Afganishtan. This particular kind of Gandhara style continued at least till the 8th century.
It was along with Caravan route joining Taxila with Bactria that one of the greatest monastic centers of Buddhism flourished. It is the Bamiyan valley. The paintings in the valley reveal the motives adopted from Sassanian fabric designs. The most spectacular creation carved from the cliffs at Bamiyan are two colossal standing figures of the Buddha, the largest of them began as high as ft.
It was finished with lime plaster. The image reflects the Gupta style of early fifth century. Above the figure's head are fragments of painting resembling those created by Gupta Buddhists at Ajanta.
Stucco was a popular technique in Gandhara art. A large number of monasteries of Afganishtan are decorated with stucco images. Also terracotta was used particularly among those who could not afford stone sculpture. Terracotta figures were also used as decorations in homes and as toys. All these provide interesting glimpses of the dresses and fashions of the time. Another revealing feature is the presence of the images of Mother Goddess, as the worship of this goddess remain an essential religious expression of the ordinary people.
Buddhism, too came to be associated with fertility cult and other popular religious cults. This association in evident from the symbolic importance of the stupa and the brackets with female figures as can be seen at Sanchi. As a matter of fact, these figures are a sophisticated version of Mother Goddess images.
They all offer many examples of excellent sculpture. Each of them has a distinct style. The most well-known are the elaborate base relief from Amravati. Over many years this form was pursued. Most of it was probably executed in Huvishka reign. Simultaneously with the appearance of Buddha icon in Gandhara Buddha portrait based upon Yaksha model began to be created in the southern worship or Mathura. This place was a religious center even before the arrival of the Kushans. Understandably the Jains continued their activities along with those of the Buddhists in the Kushan and Gupta periods.
Some scholars believe that the Mathura worship created a Buddha icon at least as early as Gandhara. Close to Mathura is a sanctuary consisting of stone figures of Kushan rulers and deities.
Only mutilated aculptures are recovered. They are carved from sikri sand-stone which is red mottle with cream spots. Two great fragmentary protrains are of king Vima Kadphises and standing king Kanishka. The garments worn by the Kushans can be known from these two pieces. Apart from creating the Buddha figures in the form of Bodhisattva, the Mathura school did produce the master-piece of Buddha in the mid 2nd century.
It is carved from the local sand-stone and it is a sitting figure. Unlike the majority of statis Buddhas of Gandhara wropped in the toga-like sanghatis this Buddha of a warmer clime is dressed as a true Indian wearing transparent muslim garments. Such like transparent textile being shown in a distinctive Mathura feature. Some hold the view that the Buddha image was evolved independently of both Mathura school of art and Gandhara school of art since there is a striking difference between the two.
The Gandhara school laid stress on accuracy of anatomical details and physical beauty while that of Mathura strove to impart sublime and spiritual impression to the figures. The first was realistic and the other idealistic. Others hold the view that the Hellenistic artists of Gandhara are the earliest iconographers while others attributed to the sculptures of Mathura.
However, it is generally held that sculptures made by the former have been reckoned as those belonging to the gandhara school, while those made by the latter have bee ascribed to the Mathura school. It is probably that images came to be made almost simultaneously by both the schools, for the sculptural and iconographic features of their products differ in essential details. Differences Between Mathura School of Arts and Gandhara School of Arts Even though both schools of art seem to have developed during the reign of the Kushanas, they are differently located at the Northwest Frontier and Mathura.
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. February Learn how and when to remove this template message. Main article: Paropamisadae. Main article: Hindu Shahi. This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Main article: Gandhari language. See also: Greco-Buddhist art. Buddha in acanthus capital.
Bodhisattva seated in meditation. Part of a series on the. Palaeolithic Soanian culture , c. Parthian Empire , c. Caliphate , c. Early modern. Durrani Empire , c. Pakistan , c. History of provinces. Category Portal.
Main article: list of people from Gandhara. A History of India. Psychology Press. ISBN Bamiyan: Challenge to World Heritage. Third Eye. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. The two regions shared cultural and political connections and trade relations and this facilitated the adoption and exchange of religious ideas. Richard Hindu Art , Harvard University Press: "The earliest figures of Shiva which show him in purely human form come from the area of ancient Gandhara" p. A History of Sanskrit Literature.
Motilal Banarsidass. Retrieved April Pakistan: A Global Studies Handbook. Old Persian p. In particular Old Persian nasals such as "n" were omitted in writing before consonants Old Persian p. Historical Geography , Encyclopaedia Iranica, 15 December Taken as Gandhavat the name is explained as meaning hsiang-hsing or "scent-action" from the word gandha which means scent , small , perfume.
At the Internet Archive. Placenames of the World. City, south central Afghanistan At Google Books. Vedic Index of Names and Subjects. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.
At Google Books. Histories in Greek. With an English translation by A. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. At the Perseus Project. Internet Archive. Retrieved 23 November John Murray. Reflections on the Tantras. Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. JSTOR Retrieved 12 June Malwa Through the Ages. Delhi , India : Motilal Banarsidass. History of ancient India: on the basis of Buddhist literature. Akansha Publishing House. Archived from the original on 10 June Retrieved 7 October The Crossroads of Asia: transformation in image and symbol in the art of ancient Afghanistan and Pakistan.
Ancient India and Iran Trust. Cuyler In Boardman, John ; Hammond, N. The Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
Problems of Ancient India. Aditya Prakashan. Retrieved 26 July Algora Publishing, , p. Joshi; Kambojas Through the Ages , , p. Political Violence in Ancient India. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. Chowkhamba Prakashan. Harvard University Press. The Empire of the Steppes. Rutgers University Press. Translated and annotated by Edward C. Sachau in two volumes. The races of Afghanistan Being a brief account of the principal nations inhabiting that country. Asian Educational services. Retrieved 20 July S2CID Sang-e-Meel Publications.
Himalayan Languages: Past and Present. Walter de Gruyter. A grammar of Palula. Language Science Press. It has been and is still disputed to what extent this primarily geographically defined grouping has any real classificatory validity On the one hand, Strand suggests that the term should be discarded altogether, holding that there is no justification whatsoever for any such grouping in addition to the term itself having a problematic history of use , and prefers to make a finer classification of these languages into smaller genealogical groups directly under the IA heading, a classification we shall return to shortly Zoller identifies the Dardic languages as the modern successors of the Middle Indo-Aryan MIA language Gandhari also Gandhari Prakrit , but along with Bashir, Zoller concludes that the family tree model alone will not explain all the historical developments.
ISSN It might be going too far to say that Torwali is the direct lineal descendant of the Niya Prakrit, but there is no doubt that out of all the modern languages it shows the closest resemblance to it. A glance at the map in the Linguistic Survey of India shows that the area at present covered by "Kohistani" is the nearest to that area round Peshawar, where, as stated above, there is most reason to believe was the original home of the Niya Prakrit.
That conclusion, which was reached for other reasons, is thus confirmed by the distribution of the modern dialects. In the Peshawar district, there does not remain any Indian dialect continuing this old Gandhari. The last to disappear was Tirahi, still spoken some years ago in Afghanistan, in the vicinity of Jalalabad, by descendants of migrants expelled from Tirah by the Afridis in the 19th century.
Nowadays, it must be entirely extinct and in the NWFP are only to be found modern Iranian languages brought in by later immigrants Baluch, Pashto or Indian languages brought in by the paramount political power Urdu, Panjabi or by Hindu traders Hindko.
The Indo-Aryan Languages. Oxford University Press. India in Early Central Asia. Archived from the original on 18 December Retrieved 7 February Archived from the original on 19 October Retrieved 1 September Little, Brown.
The Taliban destroyed the Buddhist statues and stupas where we played Kushan kings haram Jehanabad Buddha. Daily FT. A 17 February Colombo Telegraph. Retrieved 23 June Kashmir: History and People. Gandharan Buddhism: Archaeology, Art, and Texts. UBC Press. Retrieved 16 August Restauro Archeologico. Firenze University Press. OCLC Archived from the original on 15 February Retrieved 15 February Beal, Samuel.
Reprint: Delhi. Oriental Books Reprint Corporation. Reprint: Munshiram Manoharlal, New Delhi. Bellew, H. Kashmir and Kashgar. London, Histories in Greek and English. Hill, John E. John E. CreateSpace, North Charleston, S.
Hussain, J. Legge, James. Reprint: Dover Publications, New York. University of Calcutta. Shaw, Isobel. Pakistan Handbook , The Guidebook Co. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gandhara. Akaufaka Quhistan? See also Taxation districts of the Achaemenid Empire according to Herodotus. Tribes and kingdoms mentioned in the Mahabharata.
Middle kingdoms of India. Flood, Gavin D. Authority control. Namespaces Article Talk. Views Read Edit View history. Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file. Download as PDF Printable version. Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote. Ancient Era. Preceded by. Gandhara grave culture. Alchon Huns. Afghanistan Pakistan. Ancient Palaeolithic Soanian culture , c. Classical Parthian Empire , c. Medieval Caliphate , c. Early modern Durrani Empire , c.
Modern Pakistan , c. Part of a series on. Philosophy portal. Timeline and cultural period. Northwestern India Punjab - Sapta Sindhu.
Origin of gandhara school of art - origin of gandhara school of art:
Also terracotta was used particularly among those who could not afford stone sculpture. Terracotta figures were also used as decorations in homes and as toys. All these provide interesting glimpses of the dresses and fashions of the time. Another revealing feature is the presence of the images of Mother Goddess, as the worship of this goddess remain an essential religious expression of the ordinary people. Buddhism, too came to be associated with fertility cult and other popular religious cults.
This association in evident from the symbolic importance of the stupa and the brackets with female figures as can be seen at Sanchi. As a matter of fact, these figures are a sophisticated version of Mother Goddess images.
They all offer many examples of excellent sculpture. Each of them has a distinct style. The most well-known are the elaborate base relief from Amravati. Over many years this form was pursued. Most of it was probably executed in Huvishka reign. Simultaneously with the appearance of Buddha icon in Gandhara Buddha portrait based upon Yaksha model began to be created in the southern worship or Mathura. This place was a religious center even before the arrival of the Kushans.
Understandably the Jains continued their activities along with those of the Buddhists in the Kushan and Gupta periods. Some scholars believe that the Mathura worship created a Buddha icon at least as early as Gandhara. Close to Mathura is a sanctuary consisting of stone figures of Kushan rulers and deities. Only mutilated aculptures are recovered. They are carved from sikri sand-stone which is red mottle with cream spots.
Two great fragmentary protrains are of king Vima Kadphises and standing king Kanishka. The garments worn by the Kushans can be known from these two pieces. Apart from creating the Buddha figures in the form of Bodhisattva, the Mathura school did produce the master-piece of Buddha in the mid 2nd century.
It is carved from the local sand-stone and it is a sitting figure. Unlike the majority of statis Buddhas of Gandhara wropped in the toga-like sanghatis this Buddha of a warmer clime is dressed as a true Indian wearing transparent muslim garments.
Such like transparent textile being shown in a distinctive Mathura feature. Some hold the view that the Buddha image was evolved independently of both Mathura school of art and Gandhara school of art since there is a striking difference between the two. The Gandhara school laid stress on accuracy of anatomical details and physical beauty while that of Mathura strove to impart sublime and spiritual impression to the figures.
The first was realistic and the other idealistic. Others hold the view that the Hellenistic artists of Gandhara are the earliest iconographers while others attributed to the sculptures of Mathura. However, it is generally held that sculptures made by the former have been reckoned as those belonging to the gandhara school, while those made by the latter have bee ascribed to the Mathura school.
It is probably that images came to be made almost simultaneously by both the schools, for the sculptural and iconographic features of their products differ in essential details. Differences Between Mathura School of Arts and Gandhara School of Arts Even though both schools of art seem to have developed during the reign of the Kushanas, they are differently located at the Northwest Frontier and Mathura. In due course of time, it appears that the Mathura, Gandhara arts cross-fertilized, and the result of this synthesis refined and purified the Buddha image that appeared in the Gupta period.
Gandhara School of Art. It has Hellenistic features in the Buddha image. Religious influences include Buddhism and Hellenistic realism.
The Buddha image at Mathura is modelled on the lines of earlier Yaksha images inspired by Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. Mathura Buddha is delighted in mood, seated in Padmasana and right hand in Abhyamudra and left hand on left thigh showing masculinity. Mathura tradition, Buddha images have longer ear lobes, thicker lips, wider eyes and prominent nose.
Mathura Style the halo around the head of Buddha was heavily decorated with geometrical motifs and the images are less expressive. In Gandhara School images were carved with finer details Curly hair, anatomical accuracy, spatial depth, and foreshortening and Buddha was carved out in various Mudras like. During Early period light volume having fleshy body was carved. In later Periods fleshiness got reduced and Buddha was carved out in various Buddha in Yogi postures. So it was purely indigenous with no foreign influence.
It flourished from about the middle of the first century BC to about the fifth century AD in the Gandhara region north-western India. The origin has been traced back to the middle of the second century BC, but it was only in the first century AD that its genuine progress began. Originated in Mathura. Read More. Notice Board. Civil Service Essay Contest September For other uses, see Gandhara disambiguation.
Not to be confused with Kandahar. Kabul river. Indus river. Approximate geographical region of Gandhara centered on the Peshawar Basin , in present-day northwest Pakistan. Main articles: Gandhara grave culture and Indo-Aryan migration. See also: Achaemenid invasion of the Indus Valley.
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. February Learn how and when to remove this template message. Main article: Paropamisadae.
Main article: Hindu Shahi. This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Main article: Gandhari language.
See also: Greco-Buddhist art. Buddha in acanthus capital. Bodhisattva seated in meditation. Part of a series on the. Palaeolithic Soanian culture , c. Parthian Empire , c.
Caliphate , c. Early modern. Durrani Empire , c. Pakistan , c. History of provinces. Category Portal. Main article: list of people from Gandhara. A History of India. Psychology Press. ISBN Bamiyan: Challenge to World Heritage. Third Eye. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. The two regions shared cultural and political connections and trade relations and this facilitated the adoption and exchange of religious ideas.
Richard Hindu Art , Harvard University Press: "The earliest figures of Shiva which show him in purely human form come from the area of ancient Gandhara" p. A History of Sanskrit Literature. Motilal Banarsidass.
Retrieved April Pakistan: A Global Studies Handbook. Old Persian p. In particular Old Persian nasals such as "n" were omitted in writing before consonants Old Persian p. Historical Geography , Encyclopaedia Iranica, 15 December Taken as Gandhavat the name is explained as meaning hsiang-hsing or "scent-action" from the word gandha which means scent , small , perfume.
At the Internet Archive. Placenames of the World. City, south central Afghanistan At Google Books. Vedic Index of Names and Subjects. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.
At Google Books. Histories in Greek. With an English translation by A. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. At the Perseus Project. Internet Archive. Retrieved 23 November John Murray. Reflections on the Tantras. Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. JSTOR Retrieved 12 June Malwa Through the Ages. Delhi , India : Motilal Banarsidass. History of ancient India: on the basis of Buddhist literature.
Akansha Publishing House. Archived from the original on 10 June Retrieved 7 October The Crossroads of Asia: transformation in image and symbol in the art of ancient Afghanistan and Pakistan. Ancient India and Iran Trust. Cuyler In Boardman, John ; Hammond, N. The Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. Problems of Ancient India.
Aditya Prakashan. Retrieved 26 July Algora Publishing, , p. Joshi; Kambojas Through the Ages , , p. Political Violence in Ancient India. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. Chowkhamba Prakashan. Harvard University Press. The Empire of the Steppes.
Rutgers University Press. Translated and annotated by Edward C. Sachau in two volumes. The races of Afghanistan Being a brief account of the principal nations inhabiting that country. Asian Educational services. Retrieved 20 July S2CID Sang-e-Meel Publications. Himalayan Languages: Past and Present. Walter de Gruyter. A grammar of Palula. Language Science Press. It has been and is still disputed to what extent this primarily geographically defined grouping has any real classificatory validity On the one hand, Strand suggests that the term should be discarded altogether, holding that there is no justification whatsoever for any such grouping in addition to the term itself having a problematic history of use , and prefers to make a finer classification of these languages into smaller genealogical groups directly under the IA heading, a classification we shall return to shortly Zoller identifies the Dardic languages as the modern successors of the Middle Indo-Aryan MIA language Gandhari also Gandhari Prakrit , but along with Bashir, Zoller concludes that the family tree model alone will not explain all the historical developments.
ISSN It might be going too far to say that Torwali is the direct lineal descendant of the Niya Prakrit, but there is no doubt that out of all the modern languages it shows the closest resemblance to it.
A glance at the map in the Linguistic Survey of India shows that the area at present covered by "Kohistani" is the nearest to that area round Peshawar, where, as stated above, there is most reason to believe was the original home of the Niya Prakrit.
That conclusion, which was reached for other reasons, is thus confirmed by the distribution of the modern dialects. In the Peshawar district, there does not remain any Indian dialect continuing this old Gandhari. The last to disappear was Tirahi, still spoken some years ago in Afghanistan, in the vicinity of Jalalabad, by descendants of migrants expelled from Tirah by the Afridis in the 19th century.
Nowadays, it must be entirely extinct and in the NWFP are only to be found modern Iranian languages brought in by later immigrants Baluch, Pashto or Indian languages brought in by the paramount political power Urdu, Panjabi or by Hindu traders Hindko.
The Indo-Aryan Languages. Oxford University Press. India in Early Central Asia. Archived from the original on 18 December Retrieved 7 February Archived from the original on 19 October Retrieved 1 September Little, Brown.
The Taliban destroyed the Buddhist statues and stupas where we played Kushan kings haram Jehanabad Buddha. Daily FT. A 17 February Colombo Telegraph.
Retrieved 23 June Kashmir: History and People. Gandharan Buddhism: Archaeology, Art, and Texts. UBC Press. Retrieved 16 August Restauro Archeologico. Firenze University Press. OCLC Archived from the original on 15 February Retrieved 15 February Beal, Samuel. Reprint: Delhi.
Oriental Books Reprint Corporation. Reprint: Munshiram Manoharlal, New Delhi. Bellew, H. Kashmir and Kashgar. London, Histories in Greek and English. Hill, John E. John E. CreateSpace, North Charleston, S.
Hussain, J. Legge, James. Reprint: Dover Publications, New York. University of Calcutta. Shaw, Isobel. Pakistan Handbook , The Guidebook Co.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gandhara. Akaufaka Quhistan? See also Taxation districts of the Achaemenid Empire according to Herodotus.
Tribes and kingdoms mentioned in the Mahabharata. Middle kingdoms of India. Flood, Gavin D. Authority control. Namespaces Article Talk. Views Read Edit View history. Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file. Download as PDF Printable version.
Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote. Ancient Era. Preceded by. Gandhara grave culture. Alchon Huns. Afghanistan Pakistan. Ancient Palaeolithic Soanian culture , c.
Classical Parthian Empire , c.
Chief Characteristics of the Gandhara School of Art - Differences Between Mathura School of Arts and Gandhara School of Arts
One more such beliquary has been found at Bimaran in Afganishtan. This particular kind of Gandhara style continued at least till the 8th century.
It was along with Caravan route joining Taxila with Bactria that one of the greatest monastic centers of Buddhism flourished. It is the Bamiyan valley. The paintings in the valley reveal the motives adopted from Sassanian fabric designs. The most spectacular creation carved from the cliffs at Bamiyan are two colossal standing figures of the Buddha, the largest of them began as high as ft.
It was finished with lime plaster. The image reflects the Gupta style of early fifth century. Above the figure's head are fragments of painting resembling those created by Gupta Buddhists at Ajanta. Stucco was a popular technique in Gandhara art. A large number of monasteries of Afganishtan are decorated with stucco images. Also terracotta was used particularly among those who could not afford stone sculpture. Terracotta figures were also used as decorations in homes and as toys.
All these provide interesting glimpses of the dresses and fashions of the time. Another revealing feature is the presence of the images of Mother Goddess, as the worship of this goddess remain an essential religious expression of the ordinary people. Buddhism, too came to be associated with fertility cult and other popular religious cults.
This association in evident from the symbolic importance of the stupa and the brackets with female figures as can be seen at Sanchi.
As a matter of fact, these figures are a sophisticated version of Mother Goddess images. They all offer many examples of excellent sculpture. Each of them has a distinct style. The most well-known are the elaborate base relief from Amravati. Over many years this form was pursued. Most of it was probably executed in Huvishka reign. Simultaneously with the appearance of Buddha icon in Gandhara Buddha portrait based upon Yaksha model began to be created in the southern worship or Mathura.
This place was a religious center even before the arrival of the Kushans. Understandably the Jains continued their activities along with those of the Buddhists in the Kushan and Gupta periods. Some scholars believe that the Mathura worship created a Buddha icon at least as early as Gandhara.
Close to Mathura is a sanctuary consisting of stone figures of Kushan rulers and deities. Only mutilated aculptures are recovered. They are carved from sikri sand-stone which is red mottle with cream spots. Two great fragmentary protrains are of king Vima Kadphises and standing king Kanishka. The garments worn by the Kushans can be known from these two pieces.
Apart from creating the Buddha figures in the form of Bodhisattva, the Mathura school did produce the master-piece of Buddha in the mid 2nd century.
It is carved from the local sand-stone and it is a sitting figure. Unlike the majority of statis Buddhas of Gandhara wropped in the toga-like sanghatis this Buddha of a warmer clime is dressed as a true Indian wearing transparent muslim garments.
Such like transparent textile being shown in a distinctive Mathura feature. Some hold the view that the Buddha image was evolved independently of both Mathura school of art and Gandhara school of art since there is a striking difference between the two. The Gandhara school laid stress on accuracy of anatomical details and physical beauty while that of Mathura strove to impart sublime and spiritual impression to the figures.
The first was realistic and the other idealistic. Others hold the view that the Hellenistic artists of Gandhara are the earliest iconographers while others attributed to the sculptures of Mathura. However, it is generally held that sculptures made by the former have been reckoned as those belonging to the gandhara school, while those made by the latter have bee ascribed to the Mathura school. It is probably that images came to be made almost simultaneously by both the schools, for the sculptural and iconographic features of their products differ in essential details.
Differences Between Mathura School of Arts and Gandhara School of Arts Even though both schools of art seem to have developed during the reign of the Kushanas, they are differently located at the Northwest Frontier and Mathura. In due course of time, it appears that the Mathura, Gandhara arts cross-fertilized, and the result of this synthesis refined and purified the Buddha image that appeared in the Gupta period.
Gandhara School of Art. It has Hellenistic features in the Buddha image. Religious influences include Buddhism and Hellenistic realism. The Buddha image at Mathura is modelled on the lines of earlier Yaksha images inspired by Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. Mathura Buddha is delighted in mood, seated in Padmasana and right hand in Abhyamudra and left hand on left thigh showing masculinity.
Mathura tradition, Buddha images have longer ear lobes, thicker lips, wider eyes and prominent nose. Attempt the Multiple Choice Questions on art and culture here! Testbook provides a set of comprehensive notes for different competitive exams.
Testbook is always on the top of the list because of its best quality assured product like live tests, mocks, Content pages,GK and current affairs videos and much more. Sign Up for Free Already have an account? Sign In. Open in App Create free Account. Search for:. Get Pass Pass. Download Post as PDF. Table of Contents. Taxila was a well-known Gandhara art site.
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